A. Kurmankozhaev, K. Kaysenov, E.
A. Meyramov
Almaty, Kazakhstan
PROBLEMS OF A NOO-ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE NORMATIVE REGULATION OF ENVIRONMENT
POLLUTION
On the basis of
analysing actual valid ecological norms for pollution of environment components we have
justified a noo-ecological approach to the problem of ecological limits prescribed for
environmental pollution accordingly to a system of operative hygienic specifications. Examining the legitimacy
of this conclusion we were considering that ecological regulations and evaluations of
ecological effects of environmental pollution should have a noo-ecological basis.
The rationality of noo-ecological substantiations of ecological norms proceeds
from the nature and from the destination of operative hygienic specifications. The
necessity of noo-ecological
substantiations of ecological norms results from outcomes of numerous activities obtained by
different explorers in various countries. Today many recommended criteria are
known in addition to hygienic specifications.
The analysis of operative and offered
ecological norms shows that they can be aggregated in a system consisting of three groups: sanitary - hygienic, industrial
- ecological and ecological - economic. The operative
group is that of sanitary - hygienic
specifications, designed in the form of maximum permissible concentrations and
emissions of hazardous substances polluting air, soil and water objects.
The group of
sanitary-hygienic specifications plays a role of a methodological basis of
ecological regulation and it is the unique methodical and organizational factor
permitting to determine the borders of maximum permissible impact of the man-caused
environmental factors on a population health. The main specifications are –
maximum permissible concentration of hazardous substances in components of
environment (air, water, soil) and values of maximum permissible and
temporarily agreed emissions, and the waste disposal developed on their basis.
Maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of hazardous substances as the main
parameter of sanitary-hygienic specifications in system of ecological
regulation of pollutants is used almost worldwide. This value is a main
coordinating "core" parameter of the mechanism of normative
regulation of pollution when evaluating environment quality as a whole. Maximum
permissible concentration in the capacity of a fundamental quantity of
ecological regulation takes a dominating place in structures of design formulas
of defining specifications of pollutions (MPD) (Maximum Permissible Discharge -
MPD) and waste disposal in water objects (MPWD) (Maximum Permissible Waste
Disposal – MPWD), and also it forms the starting basis of all ecological
payments for environment pollution. MPC. Its modification by law is considered
to be the norm of condition for environmental quality and it serves as a
function of supervisory control of its condition. It is necessary to take into
account that the actual foreign techniques of ecological regulation are based
on values of maximum permissible concentration of ingredients or maximum
permissible flow of these ingredients on surface. Thus the foreign techniques
take into account not only primary, but also the secondary pollutants,
resulting from photochemical reactions in the atmosphere.
Alongside with maximum permissible concentration the major
parameters in system of ecological norms are specifications of impact surface,
which are maximum permissible discharges (waste disposal) MPD (MPWD),
temporarily agreed emissions (disposal) of pollutants - (TAE) (TAWD).
As the
analysis founded on calculations by a method of ultimate load in the form of
sanitary-hygienic specifications of the sources illuminating the operational
system of regulation of influences per capita and ambient of natural medium has
shown, this system has the following limitation:
1. There
are no normalized lists of the priority controlled parameters, differentiated
under concrete terrain and technical features, and also norms of influences
that are safe for the man but resulting in global climate fluctuations
(carbonic gas, thermal pollution, etc.).
In branch specifications there are no parameters permitting to evaluate
their influence on concrete terrain, both environmental requirements to
separate technologies, structures and equipment, and also the standard
ecological norms regulating character and volumes of emissions and waste
disposal for the different enterprises depending on applied technology.
The problem of a complete evaluation
of errors in measurements under the Technique of execution of measurements of
hazardous substances and errors of definition of MPD, MPWD according to design
formulas stipulated in the operational Methodical indications demands a special
research. Thus the actual certainty of established norms of MPD, MPWD for
different branches of products from the point of view of conceded errors in
defining their initial parameters generates serious doubts and relating
consequences.
2. Now the scientific and industrial circles
realize enough the considerable limitation of the existing sanitary-hygienic
concept of regulation of waste disposal of pollutants in water objects, based
on use of system of maximum permissible concentrations. Principal causes of this
conceptual defect are: first, as the sanitary-hygienic specification value the
maximum permissible concentration is directed to proofing health of the person,
but does not ensure the "health" protection of water ecosystem. Thus
the synergism and antagonism of different pollutants and process of
accumulation by different aquatic organisms remains unaccounted. Second, the
regulation of system of maximum permissible concentration becomes inconvenient
and inefficient because of not less essential factors, such as a toxicity of
pollutants, which depends on a concrete hydrochemical situation on which
background it appears. In some cases the organic substances can slacken the
toxic effect of heavy metals and in other - to increase it. Analogously the
difficulty of regulating the maximum permissible concentration arises also in
conditions of processes of converting pollutants in water ecosystems what
includes a whole line of stages. Thus quite often the intermediate products of
transformation appear more toxiferous than initial pollutants (transformation
of phenols into hydroquinones, etc.). Thirdly, the majority of pollutants -
though the norms of MPC for them are established - remains until now to be not
safe enough as an analytical inspection method. Therefore the nature of the
hygienic specification of maximum permissible concentration complicates the
development of such inspection methods.
3.
The neglecting
of ecosystems features at establishment and use of sanitary-hygienic norms
results in originating of the considerable indeterminacy that stipulates the
reduction of efficacy and certainty of the supervisory control above the
environmental impact and evaluations of its condition. Alongside with it the
high level of indeterminacy at use of the operational norms of MPC conditions
as a rule increases the existing contradiction between a required conservation
of necessary quality of natural medium in the environment and increase of
economic and other resources necessary for it.
4.
At a
sanitary-hygienic regulation one of essential disadvantages consists in unique
only and stippling character of parametric evaluations where both general
influence of different ingredients of gas emissions and accumulation of harmful
ingredients during the long-lived periods of exposure are not taken into
account. This defect of modern methodological evaluations arises from the
substantial complexity of measurement of fields of distribution of average
annual concentrations of ingredients of gas emissions. It is necessary to mark
that such disadvantages are now inherent also in foreign techniques of
ecological regulation of pollutants. Thus the special difficulties are provoked
by impossibility and necessity of the full account of diversification of the
factors defining a pollutant air level. They can be used only for some standard
productions located in approximately equal conditions. Values of MPD obtained
as results of stippling single measurements of concentrations of ingredients of
gas emissions in different points of terrain around chemical, oil refining and
other enterprises in essence represent components, i.e. they represent
component structure of MPD evaluation.
5.
It is
necessary to mark the actual deduction that, despite of gained experience in
sphere of ecological regulation in developed countries, in scientific sphere
there was no general view on formation of a unified system of normative
parameters fitting for practical use in water-protection activity in all
situations. Thus the increasing rate of realization of investigations directed
to increase efficiency of ecological norms of pollutants on a global scale is
observed. This tendency is stipulated by that fact that in conditions of
increasing man impact, the increase of technogenic flows of different
pollutants, intensifying of their pressure at all bio-spherical components and
surface and water ecosystems becomes inevitable. First of all it is caused by
unsystematic separation character of their development and frequently by
mismatching of the requirements incorporated in them. It is evident that
intensifying the rate of establishment of norms of maximum permissible
concentration cannot meet today's demands.
6.
At the operating sanitary-hygiene method of normalization of pollutants as the
leading concept the logic connection between Maximum Permissible Concentration
and Maximum Permissible Discharge (Maximum Permissible Waste Disposal) is set
up that was formulated as ratio in which the required conditions of
normalization are expressed. At that Maximum Permissible Concentration acts as
the determining value, and Maximum Permissible Discharge (Maximum Permissible
Waste Disposal) acts as a secondary index in the meaning that its permissible
level should be determined on the basis of assessment of difference between
hygiene boundary and its existing qualitative situation. The less this reserve
difference is the lower the permissible level of impact should be.
At “hygiene” approach the ultimate
load is defined as maximally non-operating one, i.e. not causing deterioration of
the state of recipients (the man, biological species). However there is a range
of problems in practice related to definition of actual values of normative
impact indices. They are particularly caused by difficulties in formation of
dependence dose-effect, determining of permissible limits of measurement of
ecosystem state. Essential complexities of such assessment are stipulated by
ambiguity of the choice of parameters characterizing the force of impact and
the qualitative situation of the ecosystem.
At present time - as it results from the review - it becomes
obvious to add natural (multiplicity of exceeding of Maximum Permissible
Concentration) and social (decrease of sickness rate of population and losses
of the work time) indices, not directly reflecting the change of environment
quality, by the system of new normative indices. They can be summarized in the
view of: 1) critical level of impact on the man, natural complexes, violation
of which causes medical and biological, social and ecological consequences
considered as absolutely impermissible; 2) criteria of the basic functional
zones of the region: resident, recreational, industrial, agricultural,
specially reserved territories (protected zones), etc. including a) ultimate
permissible concentrations of pollutants in different geographical spheres,
corresponding adaptive and adjusting abilities of the man in relation to
probable changes in environment; b) ultimately permissible anthropogenic loads
on natural complexes (landscapes); 3) dynamic and stepwise normative
environmental quality indices for the separate seasons (terms) with allowance
for substantial resource, technical and technological capabilities. These
criteria of ecological norms are inter-related, on the first two groups flocks
of ecologically allowable territorial parameters are delimited, and definition
of the best panel of nature protection measures is implemented with use of
criteria of socio economic efficiency of nature protection costs. At that they
are amounting components of nooecology as a whole.
The above-stated assay values of both
effectiveness and acceptability of the operational ecological norms (maximum
concentration limit, Maximum Permissible Discharge, Maximum Permissible Waste
Disposal) with secretion of limitations inherent to them by the way not
accountable diverse factors of influence not taken into account in them, can be
taken into account with a sufficient completeness on the basis of methodologies
of nooecological substantiations of set values of these hygienic
specifications.
The concept
"nooecology" covers such directions of science as human ecology,
social ecology, ecology and noosphere genesis; what to consider as the main
purpose of research - the person or population - what branch of knowledge
should be the key branch of development of human ecology problem. The term
"nooecology" consists of noo (from the Greek) = reason, eicos (the
Greek) = home, logos (the Greek) = doctrine, i.e. reasonable study of the own
house. In the modern researches the human ecology is not considered separately
as a scientific direction. However the socio economic reality demands placing
of the man and the problem of creation of high-performance medium for his
habitation in the center of research, i.e. comfort for human life. In a general
comprehension the human ecology is a complex study of the man, the new trend,
the interdisciplinary field of knowledge, the complex synthetic problem
requiring to join gains of all scientists of different specialties. Accordingly
nooecology is the science of the man of sense and search by overcoming the
different ecological crises, permitting to predict the future and requiring
broader collective world perception and world feeling, deeper intellection and
collective reason. Nooecological researches are not only penetrated by
pragmatism, but also educate civil liability for state of the environment,
attitude to natural resources, attitude to the most valuable biological capital
– the reasonable man. Complexity of this activity is stipulated by absence of
the orderly concept of ecology of the man which would allow to create and
systematically investigate the qualitative and quantitative aspects of this
multicomponent and dynamic system. Transition of bioecology to reasonable life
will be represented as a nooecological approach.
If the term “bioecology” is ecology
in its initial comprehension introduced by E. Häckel [1], as protective
ecology, i.e. the social ecology is considered as the scientific discipline
establishing relations in the system "society - nature",
investigating interactions and interrelations of the human society with the
nature environment.
Now the socio economic ecology operates more widely, special
complexity is produced by separating human and social ecology - their object of
study is very close. The difference consists in the fact that the social
ecology does not cover the biological side of the man, his autoecology and
demecology as such (for example, influence of natural factors on health of the
man and his population).
In a general comprehension the social
ecology includes human ecology, and in the meaning, to the contrary, this
discipline is included into human ecology. The human ecology is considered as
the complex discipline investigating general laws and relations of biosphere
and anthroposystem influence of natural environment on the man and groups of
people, ecology of the human personality and populations, including ethnic. The
human ecology accentuates socio - psychological and ethnological relations of
people among themselves, attitude of people to nature in which all
souci-economic and natural conditions are considered as equally important
components of medium of the human life ensuring his different requirements.
The modern ecology is
closely related to the moral, introducing nowadays an imminent ecological
aspect in our comprehension of ideals of goods and evil, criteria of the good
and the bad. The common culture, which constituent part is science and problems
of ecologization of manufacture, improvement of the environment quality and
education of the reasonable man, acquires special significance in life activity
of people now. Education of ecological world outlook passes through all phases
of education of the person - family education, social influence, enlightenment
in educational institutions with the help of ecological propaganda. So, on the
verge of ecology and economy economic ecology - econology emerged which is
divided into economics of nature management, ecological planning and other
sections.
V.I.Vernadsky [2] marks
that transformation of science, knowledge into productive force does not save
mankind from foolishness, that behind each act of reason there should be the
man but not technically rational anonymous device generating knowledge
wherefore such a knowledge can form the basis for fallacy. He persistently
repeats that biosphere passes to the "noosphere" that in life of
mankind there is not any crisis but explosion of scientific ideas, an emergence
of new envelope of the Earth - "noosphere". His expression is very
important stating that nowadays it is impossible for natural sciences to
proceed from description of physical contacts to description of contacts of
nature and the man not having constructed the new onthological picture of the
world, not having changed the logic and a methodology, and this new logic and
methodology of natural sciences, by his judgment, has not yet been established.
Natural character of judgment follows that the "noosphere"
fundamentals in some aspects pass into problems of nooecology.
From the works of significant
scientists - thinkers of XIX-th and XX-th centuries the main essential
fragments of science – nooecology are tracked. They stated about possible and
visible stages of transition from the biosphere to the technosphere.
The world is waved from
contradictions and the man will always interfere with his environment to settle
it for himself. All logic of development of life on the Earth has resulted in
that the Man and his activity have become main factors of the biosphere
evolution. Therefore the primary problem and the purpose of science of
nooecology, as well as human actions, generally, are not to save the world in
its primeval state but to find such forms of interaction of the Man and the
Nature which would ensure joint development of biosphere and human population
as its integral constituent part.
Problems of nooecology and coevolution
take the major place and will consist in developing the theory of forecasting
directed development of world evolutionary process for maintenance of joint
development of the man and the biosphere. At that the "co-evolution"
concept is much wider than its synonym "noosphere". Matters of the ratio
of requirements of the person and capabilities of biosphere of the planet are a
natural problem. Human activity becomes the main "geologoformative"
(and transforming) factor in development of the planet and biosphere. As a
result biosphere can begin to acquire the properties which are not at all
promoting development of the civilization, transition from the biosphere to the
technosphere. Therefore the man should control and already has begun to control
this development, reasonably to dispose of his power in order to save the
conditions in favoring of the life on the planet. That results in something
more - the further development of not only biosphere but also technospheres and
agrosphere.
Thus, as it comes from
the above-stated, the social ecology, human ecology, socio economic ecology
upon the content and problems in the complex determine and represent obviously
and not obviously expressed aspects of formation of the new scientific and
ecological direction - nooecology. The process
of nooecological formation of ecological
norms consists in such an approach by which the completeness of the account of
all and the most diversified and equally significant factors of influence of
environmental pollution on people is provided that was not achieved by the
method of ultimate loads on the man, i.e. it remains not taken into account
upon the technology of establishment of the operating hygiene-sanitary norms
(maximum concentration limit, Maximum Permissible Discharge, Maximum
Permissible Waste Disposal). At that hygienic norms take into consideration
just some aspects of nooecology connected with the human factors.
Résumé
a)
The results of nooecological
researches, impacts of pollutants in conditions of the object investigated are
to be placed in the basis of ecological normalization of pollutants of
environment; nooecological foundation of ecological norms, assessments,
forecasts and ecotechnological solutions allows to increase their completeness,
certainty and acceptability.
b)
Development of a unified
methodology of ecological normalization of environment pollutants on the basis
of nooecological concept of the complex account of all major factors of impact
of pollution on people allows to expand the significance, to increase efficiency
and effectiveness of ecological normalization as a whole.
c) Scientific and disciplinary capacity and broad
possibility of covering most
diverse factors of impact of pollution on environment inherent to nooecological
approach make it more efficient and progressive in the sphere of today´s
ecological methodology.
References
1.
Нäсkel Е.: Generalle Morphologie der Organismen. Berlin, 1866., Bd1.
2.
Vernadsky
V.I.: Speculations of the naturalist. М., 1977. – Book 2 - pages 98-112.
3.
Vernadsky
V.I.: Chemical constitution of biosphere of the Earth and its surrounding.-
М., 1965.- p.324.